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1.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 42(4): 254-260, oct.-dic. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634664

ABSTRACT

Se describe un brote de histoplasmosis que afectó a 6 cadetes de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina, sin antecedentes patológicos previos. Todos consultaron por problemas respiratorios después de haber limpiado un hangar. En ese recinto se encontraron abundantes deyecciones de animales, presuntamente de palomas y murciélagos. Los pacientes sufrieron fiebre, mialgias, taquipnea y tos no productiva. Las radiografías y tomografías de tórax mostraron imágenes pulmonares micronodulares, engrosamiento de los tabiques interalveolares y adenopatías hiliares. Todos tuvieron una evolución favorable y no requirieron tratamiento antifúngico. Las pruebas de inmunodifusión y contrainmunoelectroforesis con antígenos de Histoplasma capsulatum fueron positivas, al igual que las intradermorreacciones con histoplasmina. Se recogieron 5 muestras de tierra del lugar, las que fueron inoculadas por vía intraperitoneal a 20 hámsteres. De los cultivos de hígado y bazo de dichos animales se consiguió aislar la fase micelial de H. capsulatum. La cepa aislada se comparó con las obtenidas de 12 pacientes argentinos utilizando perfiles genéticos y se observó un clado único con más de 96% de similitud, lo que confirma la homogeneidad de las cepas argentinas. Si bien la histoplasmosis es endémica en la Pampa húmeda, este es el primer brote totalmente documentado al sur del paralelo 34°.


An histoplasmosis outbreak affecting 6 previously healthy Air Force cadets is herein presented. The patients suffered from fever and respiratory symptoms after having cleaned an abandoned hangar soiled with pigeons and bat droppings. They all presented fever, myalgia, tachypnea, and nonproductive cough. Chest X-ray and CT scan studies showed disseminated reticulonodular images affecting both lungs. Hiliar adenomegalies were also observed. All patients achieved a favourable outcome without antifungal treatment. Both serologic tests searching for specificic antibodies (immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis) and histoplasmin skin tests were positive in all cases. Five soil samples mixed with pigeons and bat droppings were collected from the hangar. Suspensions of these samples were inoculated into 20 hamsters by intraperitoneal injection; mycelial phase of H. capsulatum was isolated from liver and spleen cultures. The genetic profile of this strain was compared with 12 isolates obtained from Argentinean patients, and a great degree of homogeneity was observed (> 96% similarity). Although histoplasmosis is endemic in the wet Pampas, this is the first epidemic outbreak reported south of the 34th parallel.


Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Cricetinae , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Disease Outbreaks , Histoplasmosis/epidemiology , Military Personnel , Argentina/epidemiology , Chiroptera/microbiology , Columbidae/microbiology , DNA, Fungal/analysis , Feathers/microbiology , Feces/microbiology , Histoplasma/classification , Histoplasma/genetics , Histoplasma/growth & development , Histoplasma/isolation & purification , Histoplasmin , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/transmission , Mesocricetus , Occupational Exposure , Skin Tests
2.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 42(4): 261-268, oct.-dic. 2010. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634665

ABSTRACT

Los casos clínicos de coccidioidomicosis en Argentina son pocos y han tenido lugar fundamentalmente en la extensa región árida precordillerana. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos realizar una revisión retrospectiva del total de casos de coccidioidomicosis documentados en Argentina desde el año 1892 hasta 2009 y describir una serie de casos ocurridos en los últimos 4 años. En 117 años se documentaron 128 casos. Desde la primera descripción de la enfermedad en 1892 hasta 1939 se registraron 6 casos; desde 1940 hasta 1999, 59 casos (6-14 casos cada 10 años); y los 63 casos restantes (49% del total histórico) se produjeron en el último decenio. La mediana de edad de los 34 pacientes registrados en el período 2006-2009 fue de 31 años (rango: 7-89), la relación hombre:mujer fue 1,3:1; 12 de estos individuos eran inmunocomprometidos. Veintiséis casos se confirmaron por examen microscópico, por cultivo o por ambos procedimientos; los casos restantes se confirmaron por serología. Todos los aislamientos recuperados fueron identificados como Coccidioides posadasii. Treinta pacientes residían en una amplia área geográfica con epicentro en el valle de Catamarca. Entre 2006 y 2009, la tasa de incidencia en la provincia de Catamarca se incrementó desde valores históricos inferiores a 0,5 casos cada 100 000 habitantes hasta 2,0 casos cada 100 000 habitantes. Este aumento sugiere una emergencia de la coccidioidomicosis en el área.


Clinical cases of coccidioidomycosis are rare in Argentina and are generally found in the large arid precordilleran area of the country. This study aims to perform a retrospective review of all coccidioidomycosis cases documented in the country from 1892 to 2009, and to describe those occurring in the last 4 years. One hundred and twenty eight cases were documented in the 117 year-period. Since the original description of the disease in 1892 until 1939, only 6 cases were registered; between 1940 and 1999, 59 (6-14/10 yrs) and the remaining 63 (49% of total cases) occurred in the last decade. The median age of 34 patients registered in 2006-2009 was 31 years (range: 7-89), male/female ratio was 1.3:1 and 12 patients were immunocompromised. Twenty-six cases were confirmed by direct microscopy and/or culture whereas the remaining ones by serology. All isolates were identified as Coccidioides posadasii. Thirty patients lived in a vast geographic region with epicenter in Catamarca Valley. Between 2006 and 2009, annual disease incidence rates in Catamarca Province increased from historical values below 0.5/100,000 to 2/100,000 inhabitants. Such increase suggests an emergency of coccidioidomycosis in that region.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Coccidioidomycosis/epidemiology , Coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis , Coccidioidomycosis/parasitology , Diagnostic Errors , Immunocompromised Host , Incidence , Morbidity/trends , Retrospective Studies , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Tuberculosis/diagnosis
3.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 41(1): 20-26, ene.-mar. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634611

ABSTRACT

Se evaluó el uso de sangre entera para el diagnóstico molecular de histoplasmosis utilizando un método artesanal de extracción de ADN fúngico y una PCR anidada que amplifica una porción del gen HcP100 específica de Histoplasma capsulatum. La sangre entera se trató con liticasa, enzima lisante de Trichoderma harzianum y proteinasa K, seguido de una extracción fenólica. Este tratamiento permitió una lisis completa de las células, mostró buen rendimiento en la obtención de ADN y posibilitó la detección de la banda de 210 pb específica de H. capsulatum en la PCR anidada. El límite de detección fue de 0,25-1 levaduras/ml de sangre. El método se evaluó en 31 muestras de sangre de 19 pacientes con diagnóstico microbiológico de histoplasmosis, en 21 muestras de pacientes con otras micosis o infecciones por micobacterias y en 30 controles sanos. La PCR fue positiva en sangre para 17/19 pacientes con histoplasmosis (14/15 inmunocomprometidos y 3/4 sin inmunocompromiso aparente). Las muestras de sangre de los 30 controles sanos y de 20 pacientes con otras patologías fueron negativas, sólo hubo un falso positivo correspondiente a un paciente con infección por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. El método presentó 89% de sensibilidad y 96% de especificidad para el diagnóstico de histoplasmosis en sangre entera.


To assess the value of using whole blood samples for the molecular diagnosis of histoplasmosis, we applied an in-house DNA extraction method and a nested PCR targeting a 210 bp specific segment of the Histoplasma capsulatum HcP100 gene. A whole blood volume of 2.5-3 milliliters was centrifuged and the cellular pellet was treated with Trichoderma harzianum lyticase and proteinase K prior to applying a conventional phenol DNA extraction. This procedure allowed complete cell lysis, high DNA yield and specific amplification. The PCR detection limit was 0.25-1 yeast cells/ml of blood sample. The method was assessed on 31 blood samples from 19 patients with microbiological diagnosis of histoplasmosis, 30 healthy persons and 21 patients with other mycoses or mycobacterial diseases. Positive results were obtained in samples from 17/19 patients with histoplasmosis (14/15 immunocompromised and 3/4 without known immunological disorder). Blood samples from the 30 healthy controls and 20 patients with other conditions proved negative; the only false positive result was obtained from a patient with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. With 89% sensitivity and 98% specificity, this molecular method for detection of the agent in blood shows promising for the rapid diagnosis of human histoplasmosis.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Fungemia/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Argentina/epidemiology , Comorbidity , DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification , Endemic Diseases , False Positive Reactions , Fungemia/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Histoplasma/genetics , Histoplasma/isolation & purification , Histoplasmosis/blood , Histoplasmosis/epidemiology , Immunocompromised Host , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/blood , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/microbiology , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity
5.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 39(1): 28-33, ene.-mar. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634537

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta nacional sobre micosis diagnosticadas entre enero y diciembre de 2004, con datos provistos por 72 laboratorios de 19 provincias y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. De las 801.805 muestras microbiológicas procesadas ese año, sólo 62.681 (8%) fueron sometidas a estudios micológicos. Se diagnosticaron 23.600 casos de micosis: 11.107 (47%) superficiales, 10.830 (46%) candidiasis de las mucosas y 1.663 (7%) profundas. La frecuencia de agentes de micosis superficiales no sufrió cambios significativos (p>0,05) cuando se comparó con un estudio realizado en población de Provincia y Ciudad de Buenos Aires y dos estudios realizados en 1999 y 2002 por la Red Nacional de Laboratorios y el Programa Nacional de Control de Calidad en Micología (RNLM y PNCCM). Del total de micosis profundas, las más frecuentes fueron fungemia por levaduras (34%), criptococosis (20%), aspergilosis broncopulmonar (13%), histoplasmosis (11%), paracoccidioidomicosis (7%) y neumocistosis (5%). En contraste con los resultados de cuatro estudios previos sobre micosis broncopulmonares, incluyendo el realizado por RNLM y PNCCM en 2002, la histoplasmosis aumentó ubicándose como la micosis endémica más frecuente en Argentina, superando a la paracoccidioidomicosis.


We herein report the results of a retrospective nationwide survey on mycoses diagnosed between January and December, 2004. The study included data provided by 72 laboratories located in 19 provinces and in Buenos Aires City. Out of 801,805 microbiological specimens processed that year, only 62,681 (8%) were submitted to mycological studies. A total of 23,600 mycoses cases were diagnosed: 11,107 (47%) superficial mycoses, 10,830 (46%) mucosal candidiasis and 1,663 (7%) deep mycoses. Relative frequencies of superficial mycoses did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from frequencies observed in a previous study covering Buenos Aires City and Province (1993), and from two countrywide surveys conducted by the National Network of Mycology Laboratories and National Quality Control Program (NNML and NQCP) in 1999 and 2002. The most frequent deep mycoses were yeast fungaemia (34 %), cryptococcosis (20%), broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (13%), histoplasmosis (11%), paracoccidioidomycosis (7%) and pneumocystosis (5%). In contrast with results of four previous nationwide studies on broncho-pulmonary mycoses including a survey performed by NNML and NQCP in 2002, our study revealed that histoplasmosis prevailed over paracoccidioidomycosis, thus ranking for the first time as the most frequent endemic mycosis in Argentina.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mycoses/epidemiology , Argentina/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies
6.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 38(3): 155-163, jul.-sep. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634526

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron 1193 aislamientos clínicos para estandarizar y evaluar un método de difusión con discos de fluconazol de lectura visual, que permita detectar levaduras sensibles al antifúngico. Las especies analizadas fueron: Candida albicans (n=584), Candida parapsilosis (n=196), Candida tropicalis (n=200), Candida glabrata (n=113), Candida krusei (n=50), Candida spp. y otras levaduras oportunistas (n=50). Los discos fueron manufacturados en el INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Se midieron los halos de inhibición del crecimiento producidos por fluconazol y la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) por el método de referencia M27-A2 modificado por EUCAST. Se establecieron los valores de corte del método de difusión en: ≥16 mm para levaduras sensibles a fluconazol (CIM ≤ 8 µg/ml), entre 9 y 15 mm para sensibles dependientes de la dosis (CIM = 16-32 mg/ml) y ≤ 8 mm para resistentes (CIM ≥ 64 µg/ml). El método de difusión tuvo 94,7% de concordancia con el de referencia, con 0,2% de errores very major y 0,3% de errores major. La reproducibilidad inter e intralaboratorio fue muy buena. Para detectar aislamientos sensibles a fluconazol, este método resulta confiable y de bajo costo; sin embargo, es conveniente que los aislamientos con halos ≤ 15 mm sean reevaluados por el método de referencia.


In order to standardize and evaluate a disk diffusion method with visual reading to detect in vitro fluconazole susceptibility of yeast, 1193 clinical isolates were tested. These included 584 Candida albicans, 196 Candida parapsilosis, 200 Candida tropicalis, 113 Candida glabrata, 50 Candida krusei and 50 Candida spp. and other opportunistic yeasts. The disks were manufactured in the INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". The disk diffusion method results were compared to MIC results obtained by the reference CLSI M27-A2 broth microdilution method modified by EUCAST. The interpretative breakpoints for in vitro susceptibility testing of fluconazole were established at: zone diameter ≥ 16 mm for MIC ≤ 8 µg/ml (susceptible isolates), between 9 and 15 mm for MIC = 16-32 mg/ml (susceptible dose-dependent isolates), and ≤ 8 mm for MIC ≥ 64 µg/ml (resistant isolates). Overall agreement between the two methods was 94.7%, with 0.2% very major errors, and 0.3% major errors. Inter - and intralaboratory agreement was good. The disk diffusion method for drug susceptibility testing of Candida spp. isolates is inexpensive, reliable and reproducible. However, when the inhibition zone diameter is ≤ 15 mm, it is advisable to test the isolate by the reference microdilution method.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/drug effects , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Candida/isolation & purification , Prospective Studies
7.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 37(4): 189-195, oct.-dic. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634503

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de candidemias aumentó aproximadamente en un 500% en hospitales de alta complejidad y se observó un cambio en la distribución de especies del género Candida, con un incremento de las levaduras no Candida albicans. Con el objeto de conocer la distribución de especies asociadas a fungemias por levaduras en Argentina y determinar su sensibilidad a los antifúngicos de uso convencional, se realizó un estudio multicéntrico durante el período abril 1999 a abril 2000. Participaron 36 instituciones del país. Se colectaron 265 aislamientos de levaduras provenientes de hemocultivos, que se identificaron utilizando pruebas morfológicas, fisiológicas y bioquímicas y la determinación de la concentración inhibitoria mínima se realizó en base al estándar del NCCLS. La distribución de especies fue: Candida albicans (40,75%), Candida parapsilosis (28,67%), Candida tropicalis (15,84%), Candida famata (3,77%), Cryptococcus neoformans (3,77%), Candida glabrata (2,64%) y otras (4,53%). La mayoría de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a anfotericina B, fluconazol e itraconazol. La mortalidad asociada a las fungemias por levaduras estudiadas (n=265) fue del 30%, siendo más baja a lo descrito (33-54%) y fue menor en los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento antifúngico (26,3%), que en los no tratados (47%).


The incidence of candidemia has increased approximately 500% in high-complexity hospitals. A change in the spectrum of Candida infections due to species other than Candida albicans has also been detected. Between April 1999 and April 2000 a multicenter study was performed in order to determine the species distribution associated to candidemias in Argentina and the susceptibility profile of the isolates to the current antifungal drugs. Thirty six institutions have participated. All the 265 yeast strains isolated from blood cultures were identified by morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests. The antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates was performed based on the reference NCCLS procedure. The distribution of species was: Candida albicans (40.75%), Candida parapsilosis (28.67%), Candida tropicalis (15.84%), Candida famata (3.77%), Cryptococcus neoformans (3.77%), Candida glabrata (2.64%), and others (4.53%). Most of the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole. Mortality associated to the fungemia by yeasts episodes (n=265) was 30%, lower than results previously determined (33-54%). The mortality percentage in patients who received antifungal therapy versus patients without treatment was 26.3% and 47%, respectively.


Subject(s)
Humans , Fungemia/epidemiology , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Amphotericin B/pharmacology , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Argentina/epidemiology , Candida/classification , Candida/drug effects , Candida/isolation & purification , Candidiasis/drug therapy , Candidiasis/epidemiology , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Cryptococcus neoformans/drug effects , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Fungemia/drug therapy , Fungemia/microbiology , Incidence , Itraconazole/pharmacology , Itraconazole/therapeutic use , Species Specificity , Survival Analysis , Treatment Outcome , Yeasts/drug effects
8.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 37(1): 46-56, ene.-mar. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634488

ABSTRACT

Se comunica el primer aislamiento de Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum de un murciélago macho de la especie Eumops bonariensis, capturado en la ciudad de Buenos Aires en 2003. Los aislamientos fueron recuperados de bazo e hígado e identificados fenotípicamente. Se los comparó por PCR, con 17 aislamientos clínicos, 12 de pacientes residentes en la ciudad de Buenos Aires y cinco de otros países de América, usando los iniciadores 1283, (GTG)5, (GACA)4 y M13. Con los cuatro iniciadores, los perfiles de los aislamientos de murciélago resultaron idénticos entre sí y más relacionados a los de pacientes de Buenos Aires que a los de otros países (porcentaje de similitud: 91-100% y 55-87%, respectivamente). La alta relación genética entre los aislamientos obtenidos del murciélago y de los humanos residentes en Buenos Aires sugiere una fuente común de infección. Este es el primer registro de E. bonariensis infectado con H. capsulatum en el mundo, y el primer aislamiento del hongo en la población de quirópteros de la Argentina. Así como estos mamíferos actúan como reservorio y dispersan el hongo en la naturaleza, la infección en murciélagos urbanos podría asociarse al elevado número de casos de histoplasmosis entre pacientes inmunodeprimidos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires.


We report the first isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum from a male bat Eumops bonariensis captured in Buenos Aires city in 2003. The pathogen was recovered from spleen and liver specimens, and was identified by its phenotypic characteristics. PCR with primers 1283, (GTG)5, (GACA)4 and M13 was used to compare both bat isolates with 17 human isolates, 12 from patients residing in Buenos Aires city, and 5 from other countries of the Americas. The profiles obtained with the four primers showed that both bat isolates were identical to each other and closer to Buenos Aires patients than to the other isolates (similarity percentage: 91-100% and 55-97%, respectively). The high genetic relationship between bat isolates and those from patients living in Buenos Aires suggests a common source of infection. This is the first record of E. bonariensis infected with H. capsulatum in the world, and the first isolation of the fungus in the Argentinean Chiroptera population. In the same way as these wild mammals act as reservoir and spread the fungus in the natural environment, infection in urban bats could well be associated with the increase in histoplasmosis clinical cases among immunosuppressed hosts in Buenos Aires city.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Chiroptera/microbiology , Histoplasma/isolation & purification , Americas , Argentina/epidemiology , Chiroptera/classification , Disease Reservoirs , DNA, Fungal/genetics , Histoplasma/genetics , Histoplasmosis/epidemiology , Histoplasmosis/microbiology , Histoplasmosis/transmission , Immunocompromised Host , Liver/microbiology , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Opportunistic Infections/transmission , Species Specificity , Spleen/microbiology , Urban Health
9.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 36(2): 68-74, abr.-jun. 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634462

ABSTRACT

Se realizó entre 01-04-2000 y 30-03-2001, un estudio de corte transversal, para conocer la frecuencia relativa de las enfermedades por hongos dimorfos y Aspergillus spp. en la República Argentina y evaluar la certeza en el diagnóstico de los laboratorios de diferentes áreas geográficas. Participaron 25 centros de salud provenientes de 12 provincias y de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Fueron analizados en el laboratorio de origen 965 sueros de pacientes con sospecha clínica de histoplasmosis (HP), paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM), coccidioidomicosis (CM) y aspergilosis. Todos los sueros positivos y el 35% de los negativos fueron reevaluados en el laboratorio de referencia por inmunodifusión doble en agar. La concordancia entre los resultados obtenidos en los centros de origen y el de referencia fue de 98,8%. Se detectaron anticuerpos específicos en 120 sueros correspondientes a 98 pacientes. El 71,4% (70 casos) de los diagnósticos correspondió a micosis endémicas (HP, PCM y CM) y el resto a aspergilosis. PCM fue diagnosticada en 47,9% (47 casos), aspergilosis en 28,6% (28 casos), HP en13,3% (13 casos) y CM en 10,2% (10 casos). La participación en este estudio fue voluntaria y no todos los centros del país estaban representados, sin embargo, las frecuencias de enfermedades fúngicas fueron las esperadas y coincidentes con estudios previos realizados a nivel nacional.


In order to contribute to the knowledge of the relative frequency of chronic fungal diseases and assess the performance of diagnostic laboratories in Argentina, a multicenter study was performed with the participation of 25 medical centers located in 12 different provinces and Buenos Aires City. Between 04-01-2000 and 03-30-2001, 965 serum specimens from patients clinically suspected of having histoplasmosis (HP), paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), coccidioidomycosis (CM) or aspergilosis were analyzed. Agar immunodiffusion tests (IDD) were done locally. All positive and 35% of negative sera were retested in the reference center. Results of laboratories of origin showed 98.8% concordance with those of reference center. Antibodies against any of the etiological agents were detected in 120 specimens from 98 patients. Endemic mycoses (HP, PCM and CM) were diagnosed in 70 patients (71.4%) and aspergilosis in 28 (28.6%). The frequencies of the different mycoses in decreasing order were PCM 47 patients (47.9%), aspergilosis 28 patients (28.6%), HP 13 patients (13.3%) and CM 10 patients (10.2%). The study was carried out on a voluntary basis and some areas of the country were not represented. However, the frequencies were in range with the expected rates in the population under study.


Subject(s)
Humans , Endemic Diseases , Mycoses/epidemiology , Argentina/epidemiology , Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/diagnosis , Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/epidemiology , Coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis , Coccidioidomycosis/epidemiology , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/epidemiology , Immunodiffusion , Mycoses/diagnosis , Paracoccidioidomycosis/diagnosis , Paracoccidioidomycosis/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies
10.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 35(2): 110-112, abr.-jun. 2003.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-356640

ABSTRACT

Dos cepas de C.neoformans var. gattii serotipo B, fueron aisladas en el Parque de los Patricios de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Las muestras se recogieron en primavera, mediante el hisopado de la superficie interior de huecos y grietas de Eucalyptus spp. y otros árboles que, lamentablemente, no fueron identificados en el momento de la recolección. Los hisopos se inocularon en placas de agar ácido cafeico suplementado con antibióticos que se incubaron a 28§C durante una semana con observación diaria. Los aislamientos produjeron colonias características de la especie, lo que permitió detectarlos y separarlos de otros microorganismos presentes en la muestra. La identificación se realizó mediante estudios de fermentación de carbohidratos, asimilación de fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno y detección de ureasa y fenoloxidasa. La variedad se determinó utilizando el medio agarizado de canavanina-glicina-azul de bromotimol (CGB). La caracterización genotípica por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con primer aleatorio (AP-PCR con el primer (GACA)4)mostró que el patrón de bandas de ambos aislamientos se diferenciaba en una única banda. En ambos casos el material provino de especies arbóreas diferentes de Eucalyptus spp. Estos dos aislamientos de fuentes naturales demuestran que C.neoformans var. gattii está presente en el medio ambiente de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, no necesariamente asociado a Eucalyptus spp. Este hallazgo podría explicar su asociación esporádica a infecciones humanas en la población local.


Subject(s)
Environmental Pollution/analysis , Cryptococcus neoformans , Argentina
11.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 35(3): 156-61, 2003 Jul-Sep.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1171721

ABSTRACT

The epidemiology of Malassezia genus is poorly understood; geographical and population factors might have influence on the species distribution. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of Malassezia species involved in skin diseases in a diagnostic center at Buenos Aires City. From 02/01/1999 to 10/31/2001, 456 skin specimens from 447 patients diagnosed as pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, foliculitis and atopic dermatitis, were analyzed by microscopic examination and culture. Malassezia spp was evidenced in 255 skin samples (55.9


) by microscopic analysis but it could be recovered from only 99 (38.8


) scarring lesions that were negative by microscopy. Among 109 isolates, M. sympodialis (58.7


) was the most frequent, followed by M. globosa and M. furfur (18.3


) of M. obtusa, M. slooffiae and M. restricta were recovered. Eleven isolates (10.1


) could not be identified because they had lost viability in the culture. This is the first study on Malassezia species associated to skin diseases in Argentina; further screening including other geographic regions of the country is necessary in order to confirm these results.

12.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 34(4): 213-8, 2002 Oct-Dec.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1171710

ABSTRACT

C. neoformans (Cn) causes severe meningitis in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS. Little is known about Cn serotypes associated with human infections in Argentina due to the lack of antisera availability. The aim of this study was to produce these antisera, to serotype the Argentinean clinical isolates of Cn received at our laboratory from 1984 to 2001 and to evaluate the agreement of these results with the variety differentiation obtained with Canavanine-Glycine-Bromothymol Blue agar (CGB) medium. We studied 123 isolates recovered from first episodes of cryptococcosis from HIV-infected patients (85), non HIV-infected patients (6) and from other non specified patients (32). Of the isolates, 89


(5/123) corresponded to serotype D, 3


(3/129) were serotype AD, 3 isolates were untypable and 2 corresponded to serotype B. All the serotyped isolates agreed with the variety determined by CGB medium. These results indicate that, in our country, most cryptococcal infections in patients with AIDS are associated with serotype A (77/85), which agrees with international studies. In patients with other immunosuppressions, this serotype may be also predominant, although a low number of isolates were tested (4/6). Recovery of Cn serotype B in these clinical isolates suggests that studying the variety and their serotypes might be important to detect a probable epidemiological alteration.

13.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 32(3): 116-122, jul.-sept. 2000.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-332527

ABSTRACT

We analyzed the in vitro infection process by P. brasiliensis and the effect of extracellular factor(s) produced on monolayers of mammalian Vero cell lines. The yeast phase of four strains was studied: B339 (avirulent or slightly virulent), U, (intermediate virulence), 93745 and 63265 (both highly virulent). Strains of intermediate and high virulence had higher adherence at first contact (about 16). Strain B339 had a slower adherence at first contact (8) than the others during the same period. The production of extracellular proteases, soluble extracellular factor(s) and extracellular antigen gP43 showed no correlation with the in vitro physiopathogenicity of the analyzed strains. We demonstrate that the Vero model presented in this paper is a suitable system to study infection and virulence in vitro. We are currently assessing its usefulness as a tool for the analysis of the interaction between pathogen, host and antifungal agents.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mycology , Paracoccidioides , Vero Cells/microbiology , Chlorocebus aethiops , Culture Media , Species Specificity , Glycoproteins/biosynthesis , Oligosaccharides/biosynthesis , Paracoccidioides , Fungal Proteins/biosynthesis , Virulence
14.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 31(2): 78-81, abr.-jun. 1999.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-333169

ABSTRACT

In 1992, the NCCLS proposed a broth macrodilution method for determining the in vitro susceptibility of yeast. However, for dimorphic fungi no standardised method is available. The aim of our study was to evaluate the reference broth macrodilution method with isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The in vitro susceptibility of two ATCC strains (32069 and 36324) and nine clinical isolates were determined against serial dilutions of amphotericin B (AMB), ketoconazole (KTZ), and itraconazole (ITZ) from 0.02 to 20 mg/l and fluconazole (FCZ) from 0.1 to 100 mg/l. The inoculum used was 0.5 x 10(4)-2.5 x 10(5) CFU/ml, employing the yeast phase in order to obtain homogeneous growth. The test was incubated with agitation in a rotating shaker at 35 degrees C, and 7 days was the optimal time for MIC final reading. Average MIC50/MIC90 (mg/l) for the eleven isolates tested were the following: AMB: < 0.02/0.16, FCZ: 1.6/6.2, KTZ: 0.08/0.31, ITZ: 0.31/1.3. One clinical isolate showed high MIC for azole drugs (KTZ: 1.3 mg/ml, FCZ: 100 mg/l and ITZ 5 mg/l). Although further studies are necessary to evaluate the usefulness of this methodology for P. brasiliensis, the latter may be clinically useful to predict the development of resistance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Paracoccidioides , Amphotericin B , Fluconazole , Itraconazole , Ketoconazole , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Paracoccidioides , Paracoccidioidomycosis , Reference Standards , Drug Resistance, Microbial
15.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 27(2): 81-9, abr.-jun. 1995. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-223465

ABSTRACT

Se evaluó un micrométodo para la realización de pruebas de sensibilidad de levaduras frente a antifúngicos, basado en el macrométodo en medio líquido estandarizado por el National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing. En este trabajo se compararon ambos métodos utilizando 6 cepas de referencia de diferente sensibilidad a los siguientes antifúngicos, anfotericina B (AMB), flucitosina (5FC), fluconazol (FCZ), itraconazol (ITZ), ketoconazol (KTZ) y miconazol (MCZ). Se observaron variaciones de sólo 1 ó 2 diluciones entre los resultados de las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIM) obtenidas con las dos técnicas. Asimismo, se compararon las lecturas visuales de CIM por micrométodo con las mediciones turbidimétricas del crecimiento en distintas concentraciones de antifúngicos frente a 47 aislamientos de Candida albicans. Existió una correlación significativa (p<0.001) entre CIM visual y la inhibición del 80 por ciento de crecimiento determinada por turbidimetría con AMB, 5FC, FCZ, ITZ y MCZ; en cambio no hubo correlación alguna para KTZ (p=1.00)


Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Amphotericin B/pharmacokinetics , Fluconazole/pharmacokinetics , Flucytosine/pharmacokinetics , Itraconazole/pharmacokinetics , Ketoconazole/pharmacokinetics , Miconazole/pharmacokinetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Yeasts/drug effects , Argentina
16.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 25(3): 129-35, 1993 Jul-Sep.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1171607

ABSTRACT

In a retrospective review of laboratory records at the Department of Mycology, National Institute of Microbiology [quot ]Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán[quot ], during the period June 1989-July 1991, 1225 putatively immunocompetent cases of superficial mycoses were identified. Ninety five percent of these patients were adults and 5


children. Among the total cases, dermatomycoses were caused, 67.6


by Malassezia furfur. and 0.5


by other fungi, as proven by the isolation of the etiological agents. (Figure 1, Table 2). Among the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes greatly predominated accounting for 66.6


of the isolates, respectively, whereas Microsporum canis (8.0


) and Microsporum gypseum (0.3


) were found with less frequency (Figure 2). Nails (47


) were the most common source of isolates in adults, followed by feet (28


) and hands (2


) (Table 1). Regarding the relative efficiency of the diagnostic methods, the analyses of laboratory results evidenced that, 98


of the cases with clinical findings compatible with mycoses and 76


of the cases with positive cultures (Table 1) were identified by microscopic observation.

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